For example, when outputting at 3840x2160 selecting a scale of 50%, does the pixel count decreases 50% to 4147200 pixels or does the vertical and horizontal resolution scales 50% to 1920x1080 to a pixel count of 25% (2073600 pixels)?
I don’t know, i assumed its scaling of the resolution not the pixels. You can try comparing the gpu usage or unlocked benchmark values, while manually setting the resolution to what you think should be similar. So going from 2k->1K should be similar to 50% scaling.
My understanding is that a resolution of 2560x1440 with 150% resolution scaling renders at 3840x2160. So anything above 100%, which is equal to the resolution you set, is a percentage of both the X and Y axes, e.g. 120% at 1920x1080 would give a resolution of 2304x1296 and 200% would be 3840x2160.
I used the 2560x1440 + 150% resolution setting rather than a resolution of 3840x2160 for a crisper looking HUD and text which would otherwise be downsampled as well.